The Cancer Handbook
Section A - The Molecular Basis of Cell and Tissue Organization
1. Cell and Tissue Organisation
2. Regulation of the Cell Cycle
3. Overview of Oncogenesis
4. Inherited Predispositions to Cancer
5. DNA Viruses
6. RNA Viruses
7. Genetic Instability and DNA repair
8. Telomerase
9. Apoptosis
10. Signalling by steroid receptors
11. Signalling by cytokines
12. Signalling by tyrosine kinases
13. Signalling by TGF beta
14. Wnt Signal Transduction
15. Extracellular Matrix: the networking solution
16. Invasion and Metastasis
17. Angiogenesis
18. Cell Proliferation in Carcinogenesis
Section B - The Causation and Prevention of Cancer
1. Identifying Cancer Causes through Epidemiology
2. Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis
3. The Formation of DNA Adducts
4. Physical Causes of Cancer
5. Non-Genotoxic Causes of Cancer
6. Infectious Agents and Cancer
7. Short-term Testing for Genotoxicity
8. Cancer Bioassays for Pharmaceuticals a Regulatory Perspective
9. Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer
10. Dietary Genotoxins and Cancer
11. Tobacco Use and Cancer
12. Occupational Causes of Cancer
13. Anti-Genotoxins and Cancer
14. Intervention and Chemoprevention
Section C - Diagnostic Imaging and Image-Guided Intervention
Part I- Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Monitoring
1. Plain Film Radiography
2. Computed Tomography
3. Ultrasound
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5. Nuclear Medicine Studies
6. Mammography
Part II - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventional Procedures
1. Percutaneous Biopsy
2. Transcatheter Therapy
3. Direct Percutaneous Tumour Therapy
Section D - Systemic Oncology
1. Introduction to the Diagnosis of Cancer
2. Skin
3. Oral cavity & major and minor salivary glands
4. Respiratory tract
5. Upper Gastrointestinal tract
6. Lower gastrointestinal tract
7. Liver, gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.
8. Pancreas
9. Endocrine organs
10. Breast
11. Female reproductive system
12. Urinary tract
13. Male reproductive system
14. Lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow.
15. Bones and joints.
16. Soft Tissues
17. Pleura and peritoneum
18. Heart
19. Neuromuscular System
20. Eye and ocular adnexa
21. Ear
Appendum. Myeloid Leukemias and related Neoplasms
Section E - Pre-clinical Models of Human Cancer
1. Advantages and limitations of models for human cancer
2. Basic Tissue Culture
3. Transgenic technology in the study of oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
4. Gene knockouts
5. Human tumours in animal hosts
6. Mammary tumour induction in animals as a model for human breast cancer
7. Mathematical models in cancer research
8. Models for tumour growth and differentiation
9. Angiogenesis models
10. Models for tumour cell adhesion and invasion
11. Tumour metastasis models
12. Models for tumour cell-endothelial cell interactions
13. Modelling Tumor Tissue Interactives
14. Models for drug development and drug resistance
15. Models for immunotherapy and cancer vaccines
16. Gene therapy models
17. Models for epithelial carcinomas
18. Models for haematological malignancies
19. Models for melanomas and sarcomas
20. Models for CNS malignancies
21. Models for endocrine cancer
Section F - The Treatment of Human Cancer
1. Mechanisms of action of cancer chemotherapeutic agents
2. Drug Resistance & Reversal
3. Molecular mechanisms of radiotherapy
4. Antibodies and recombinant cytokines
5. Genetic and Cellular Vaccines
6. Differentiation Therapy
7. Chemoprevention
8. Antisense & ribozyme therapy
9. Hormonal Therapy
10. Antiangiogenic Therapy
11. Targeting the Extracellular Matrix
12. Growth Factor Receptor Blockade
13. Signal
Sunday, 15 July 2007
bladder cancer symptom
The symptoms for bladder cancer are not specific. Many other diseases, including inflammatory conditions, involving the bladder and kidney may cause similar symptoms. However, since early detection is important in curing bladder cancer, if you have these symptoms, you should bring them to the attention of your doctor.
The most common first symptom of bladder cancer is blood in the urine called hematuria. Hematuria is either visible or microscopic.
o Gross hematuria describes urine that appears red or brown and can be seen with the naked eye
o Microscopic hematuria means the red blood cells are visible if a urine sample is examined under a microscope
Irritative urination symptoms may also be associated with bladder cancer and include:
o pain and burning on urination,
o a sense of incomplete emptying of the bladder after urination and
o having to urinate more frequently or at shorter intervals.
The symptoms above could also indicate problems (less serious) other than bladder cancer.
Bladder Cancer Symptoms
Bladder cancer is common disease in the United States. Research tells us that it occurs mainly in industrialized countries, such as the US, France, and Canada.
Bladder cancer symptoms are few, yet very noticeable. Bladder cancer symptoms include:
Blood in the urine: The presence of blood in urine, is called hematuria. Blood can either be seen by the eye, in which it is called gross hematuria. Blood can also be seen under a microscope, and it is then called microscopic hematuria.
Pain during urination: Pain during urination is called dysuria. Pain can range from mild to severe.
Frequent urination: Having to urinate often and during the night is also a symptom.
The most common first symptom of bladder cancer is blood in the urine called hematuria. Hematuria is either visible or microscopic.
o Gross hematuria describes urine that appears red or brown and can be seen with the naked eye
o Microscopic hematuria means the red blood cells are visible if a urine sample is examined under a microscope
Irritative urination symptoms may also be associated with bladder cancer and include:
o pain and burning on urination,
o a sense of incomplete emptying of the bladder after urination and
o having to urinate more frequently or at shorter intervals.
The symptoms above could also indicate problems (less serious) other than bladder cancer.
Bladder Cancer Symptoms
Bladder cancer is common disease in the United States. Research tells us that it occurs mainly in industrialized countries, such as the US, France, and Canada.
Bladder cancer symptoms are few, yet very noticeable. Bladder cancer symptoms include:
Blood in the urine: The presence of blood in urine, is called hematuria. Blood can either be seen by the eye, in which it is called gross hematuria. Blood can also be seen under a microscope, and it is then called microscopic hematuria.
Pain during urination: Pain during urination is called dysuria. Pain can range from mild to severe.
Frequent urination: Having to urinate often and during the night is also a symptom.
breast cancer treatment
With this report, women with breast cancer have access to information on the way breast cancer is treated at the nation’s leading cancer centers. Originally developed for cancer specialists by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), these treatment guidelines have now been translated for the public by the American Cancer Society.
Since 1995, doctors have looked to the NCCN for guidance on the highest quality, most effective advice on treating cancer. For more than 90 years, the public has relied on the American Cancer Society for information about cancer. The Society’s books and brochures provide comprehensive, current, and understandable information to hundreds of thousands of patients, their families and friends. This collaboration between the NCCN and ACS provides an authoritative and understandable source of cancer treatment information for the public. These patient guidelines will help you better understand your cancer treatment and your doctor’s counsel. We urge you to discuss them with your doctor. To make the best possible use of this information, you might begin by asking your doctor the following questions:
How large is my cancer? Do I have more than one tumor in the breast?
What is my cancer’s grade how abnormal the cells appear) and histology (type and arrangement of tumor cells) as seen under a microscope?
Do I have any lymph nodes with cancer (positive lymph nodes, i.e. nodal status)? If yes, how many?
What is the stage of my cancer?
Does my cancer contain hormone receptors? What does this mean for me?
Is my cancer positive for HER-2? What does this mean for me?
Is breast-conserving treatment an option for me?
In addition to surgery, what other treatment do you recommend? Radiation? Chemotherapy? Hormone therapy?
What are the side effects?
Are there any clinical trials that I should consider?
Inside Breast Tissue
The main parts of the female breast are lobules (milk-producing glands), ducts (milk passages that connect the lobules and the nipple), and stroma (fatty tissue and ligaments surrounding the ducts and lobules, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels). Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins but carry lymph instead of blood. Most breast cancer begins in the ducts (ductal), some in the lobules (lobular), and the rest in other breast tissues.
Lymph is a clear fluid that has tissue waste products and immune system cells. Most lymphatic vessels of the breast lead to underarm (axillary) lymph nodes. Some lead to lymph nodes above the collarbone (called supraclavicular) and others to internal mammary nodes which are next to the breastbone (or sternum). Cancer cells may enter lymph vessels and spread along these vessels to reach lymph nodes. Cancer cells may also enter blood vessels and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Lymph nodes are small, bean shaped collections of immune system cells important in fighting infections. When breast cancer cells reach the axillary lymph nodes, they can continue to grow, often causing swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpit or elsewhere.
If breast cancer cells have spread to the axillary lymph nodes, it makes it more likely that they have spread to other organs of the body as well.
Since 1995, doctors have looked to the NCCN for guidance on the highest quality, most effective advice on treating cancer. For more than 90 years, the public has relied on the American Cancer Society for information about cancer. The Society’s books and brochures provide comprehensive, current, and understandable information to hundreds of thousands of patients, their families and friends. This collaboration between the NCCN and ACS provides an authoritative and understandable source of cancer treatment information for the public. These patient guidelines will help you better understand your cancer treatment and your doctor’s counsel. We urge you to discuss them with your doctor. To make the best possible use of this information, you might begin by asking your doctor the following questions:
How large is my cancer? Do I have more than one tumor in the breast?
What is my cancer’s grade how abnormal the cells appear) and histology (type and arrangement of tumor cells) as seen under a microscope?
Do I have any lymph nodes with cancer (positive lymph nodes, i.e. nodal status)? If yes, how many?
What is the stage of my cancer?
Does my cancer contain hormone receptors? What does this mean for me?
Is my cancer positive for HER-2? What does this mean for me?
Is breast-conserving treatment an option for me?
In addition to surgery, what other treatment do you recommend? Radiation? Chemotherapy? Hormone therapy?
What are the side effects?
Are there any clinical trials that I should consider?
Inside Breast Tissue
The main parts of the female breast are lobules (milk-producing glands), ducts (milk passages that connect the lobules and the nipple), and stroma (fatty tissue and ligaments surrounding the ducts and lobules, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels). Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins but carry lymph instead of blood. Most breast cancer begins in the ducts (ductal), some in the lobules (lobular), and the rest in other breast tissues.
Lymph is a clear fluid that has tissue waste products and immune system cells. Most lymphatic vessels of the breast lead to underarm (axillary) lymph nodes. Some lead to lymph nodes above the collarbone (called supraclavicular) and others to internal mammary nodes which are next to the breastbone (or sternum). Cancer cells may enter lymph vessels and spread along these vessels to reach lymph nodes. Cancer cells may also enter blood vessels and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Lymph nodes are small, bean shaped collections of immune system cells important in fighting infections. When breast cancer cells reach the axillary lymph nodes, they can continue to grow, often causing swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpit or elsewhere.
If breast cancer cells have spread to the axillary lymph nodes, it makes it more likely that they have spread to other organs of the body as well.
Most Cancer Deaths Preventable
For overweight (n. 超重) and obesity (n. 肥胖) among adults, the picture isn't pretty anywhere: "Best" is Hawaii, where "only" 50 percent of adults are overweight or obese (adj. 极胖的；过重的).
Most cancer deaths can be avoided and some states are doing better than others, the American Cancer Society (美国癌症学会) says.
Cancer is now the leading cause of death for people under 85, but cancer experts say this is largely preventable (adj. 可预防的).
It's no secret. Here's how:
Don't smoke. If you do smoke, quit.
Keep your weight down. If you're overweight or obese, lose some weight and keep it off.
Get plenty of exercise.
Eat at least five servings (n. 一份，一客) of fruits and vegetables every day.
Stay out of the sun. Use protective (adj. 保护的) clothing and sunscreen (n. 遮光剂，保护皮肤免受阳光紫外线的照射) when you are outdoors.
Get recommended cancer screening tests.
So how are we doing? Not nearly as well as we should, according to Thursday's release of the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2005 (“2005年癌症预防及早期诊断数据报告”).
There's still much we can do to cut our cancer risk (n. 风险). Here's how we're doing:
More than one in four men and more than one in five women still smoke cigarettes.
Nearly two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight. That includes the 30 percent of us who are obese.
Not quite half of U.S. adults get enough exercise.
Only about one in four U.S. adults eats five or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day.
Most cancer deaths can be avoided and some states are doing better than others, the American Cancer Society (美国癌症学会) says.
Cancer is now the leading cause of death for people under 85, but cancer experts say this is largely preventable (adj. 可预防的).
It's no secret. Here's how:
Don't smoke. If you do smoke, quit.
Keep your weight down. If you're overweight or obese, lose some weight and keep it off.
Get plenty of exercise.
Eat at least five servings (n. 一份，一客) of fruits and vegetables every day.
Stay out of the sun. Use protective (adj. 保护的) clothing and sunscreen (n. 遮光剂，保护皮肤免受阳光紫外线的照射) when you are outdoors.
Get recommended cancer screening tests.
So how are we doing? Not nearly as well as we should, according to Thursday's release of the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2005 (“2005年癌症预防及早期诊断数据报告”).
There's still much we can do to cut our cancer risk (n. 风险). Here's how we're doing:
More than one in four men and more than one in five women still smoke cigarettes.
Nearly two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight. That includes the 30 percent of us who are obese.
Not quite half of U.S. adults get enough exercise.
Only about one in four U.S. adults eats five or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day.
Cancer Early Detection
Always be aware of changes to your body as this might be the warning signal that something is wrong. Never assume your health. Some cancers, like cervical cancer and skin cancer are treatable when detected at an early stage. Therefore it is important that we should always "mind our own business", go for checkup and screening regularly.
Symptoms
Prevention & Early Detection
Bladder Cancer
Blood in urine
Blood clots may cause muscle spasms in bladder
Passing urine often and burning feeling
Do not smoke
Bowel cancer
Blood in the bowel motion
Change in toilet habits lasting more than two weeks
Have a family history of bowel cancer
Eat more vegetables and fruits
Avoid fat, salt and preserved food
Avoid excessive alcohol
Breast cancer
Lump in the breast
Change in size or shape of the breast
Dimpling of the skin
Be breast aware, seek for early medical advice
Liver Cancer
Often no symptoms in early stage
Vague discomfort in the upper abdomen
Loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea and lethargy
Avoid alcohol
Receive Hepatitis B vaccine
Avoid moudly peanuts
Lung Cancer
A persistent cough
Shortness of breath
Coughing up blood-stained phlegm (sputum)
Do not smoke
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC)
Blood-stained nasal discharge
Postnasal dribbling
Nasal obstruction
Lump in the neck
Defective hearing and ringing of the ear
Avoid salted fish
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Painless swelling in the neck, armpits or groin
Excessive sweating or fever
Persistent itch all over the body
Yearly screening for people older than 50
Prostate cancer
Difficulty in passing urine, and a feel of burning
Blood in urine
Passing urine more frequently than usual
Men who have family histories of the cancer
Adopting a vegetarian, low- fat diet
Yearly screening for men over 40
Stomach Cancer
Persistent indigestion
Weight loss
Vomiting blood
Blood in stools
Avoid smoked and pickled food
Do not smoke
Cervical cancer
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
Have a pap-smear test at regular intervals
Skin cancer
Change in a wart or mole e.g. bleeding or enlargement
A sore in skin that does not heal
Be sun-smart, avoid too much sunlight
Prevention Early Detection
Despite the rising figures in new cases of cancer every year, there are many things we can do to reduce our risk. These are very simple measures and as long as you are serious about your health, you can take control.
Symptoms
Prevention & Early Detection
Bladder Cancer
Blood in urine
Blood clots may cause muscle spasms in bladder
Passing urine often and burning feeling
Do not smoke
Bowel cancer
Blood in the bowel motion
Change in toilet habits lasting more than two weeks
Have a family history of bowel cancer
Eat more vegetables and fruits
Avoid fat, salt and preserved food
Avoid excessive alcohol
Breast cancer
Lump in the breast
Change in size or shape of the breast
Dimpling of the skin
Be breast aware, seek for early medical advice
Liver Cancer
Often no symptoms in early stage
Vague discomfort in the upper abdomen
Loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea and lethargy
Avoid alcohol
Receive Hepatitis B vaccine
Avoid moudly peanuts
Lung Cancer
A persistent cough
Shortness of breath
Coughing up blood-stained phlegm (sputum)
Do not smoke
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC)
Blood-stained nasal discharge
Postnasal dribbling
Nasal obstruction
Lump in the neck
Defective hearing and ringing of the ear
Avoid salted fish
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Painless swelling in the neck, armpits or groin
Excessive sweating or fever
Persistent itch all over the body
Yearly screening for people older than 50
Prostate cancer
Difficulty in passing urine, and a feel of burning
Blood in urine
Passing urine more frequently than usual
Men who have family histories of the cancer
Adopting a vegetarian, low- fat diet
Yearly screening for men over 40
Stomach Cancer
Persistent indigestion
Weight loss
Vomiting blood
Blood in stools
Avoid smoked and pickled food
Do not smoke
Cervical cancer
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
Have a pap-smear test at regular intervals
Skin cancer
Change in a wart or mole e.g. bleeding or enlargement
A sore in skin that does not heal
Be sun-smart, avoid too much sunlight
Prevention Early Detection
Despite the rising figures in new cases of cancer every year, there are many things we can do to reduce our risk. These are very simple measures and as long as you are serious about your health, you can take control.
Cancer and Children
Broadcast: February 26, 2003
By Jerilyn Watson
This is Bill White the VOA Special English Health Report.
Most children who die of cancer are in developing nations. British researchers say only ten percent of children with cancer in these countries survive. They say many more could be saved if their countries had the resources needed to find cancers and treat them.
Around the world, about one-hundred-sixty-six thousand children under age fifteen are found each year to have cancer. The researchers say eighty-four percent of these cases are found in developing countries. But many others go unnoticed.
Children from industrial countries who do get cancer also have a much better chance to survive. For example, more than seventy percent in countries like Britain and the United States are alive after five years.
An organization called Cancer Research United Kingdom announced these numbers to mark International Childhood Cancer Day on February fifteenth. The purpose of the event was to educate the public and raise money for children with cancer.
Cancer Research U-K says fifty-four percent of cancer cases among children strike in Asia. Also, more than half of all child cancer deaths happen in Asia. Africa has twenty-percent of childhood cancer cases and twenty-five percent of the deaths.
Vaskar Saha of Cancer Research U-K is a childhood cancer expert. Professor Saha called for an international campaign against childhood cancer similar to the campaign against AIDS. The goal would be to increase the supply and reduce the cost of drugs to treat cancer in developing countries.
Earlier this month, world trade negotiators1 agreed to continue to look for ways to cut drug prices for developing nations.
Chemotherapy2 drugs kill cancer cells. Drug companies say they have improved this treatment in recent years while reducing harmful side effects. But many developing countries cannot pay for chemotherapy drugs. Another way to fight cancer is to cut out the diseased cells. A third way is to use radiation to target cancer cells.
Scientists say most cancers are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental conditions. There are warning signs of childhood cancer. These can include a white spot in the eye, unusual growths, weight loss and tiredness. Unexplained bleeding, pain and high body temperature are other possible signs.
By Jerilyn Watson
This is Bill White the VOA Special English Health Report.
Most children who die of cancer are in developing nations. British researchers say only ten percent of children with cancer in these countries survive. They say many more could be saved if their countries had the resources needed to find cancers and treat them.
Around the world, about one-hundred-sixty-six thousand children under age fifteen are found each year to have cancer. The researchers say eighty-four percent of these cases are found in developing countries. But many others go unnoticed.
Children from industrial countries who do get cancer also have a much better chance to survive. For example, more than seventy percent in countries like Britain and the United States are alive after five years.
An organization called Cancer Research United Kingdom announced these numbers to mark International Childhood Cancer Day on February fifteenth. The purpose of the event was to educate the public and raise money for children with cancer.
Cancer Research U-K says fifty-four percent of cancer cases among children strike in Asia. Also, more than half of all child cancer deaths happen in Asia. Africa has twenty-percent of childhood cancer cases and twenty-five percent of the deaths.
Vaskar Saha of Cancer Research U-K is a childhood cancer expert. Professor Saha called for an international campaign against childhood cancer similar to the campaign against AIDS. The goal would be to increase the supply and reduce the cost of drugs to treat cancer in developing countries.
Earlier this month, world trade negotiators1 agreed to continue to look for ways to cut drug prices for developing nations.
Chemotherapy2 drugs kill cancer cells. Drug companies say they have improved this treatment in recent years while reducing harmful side effects. But many developing countries cannot pay for chemotherapy drugs. Another way to fight cancer is to cut out the diseased cells. A third way is to use radiation to target cancer cells.
Scientists say most cancers are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental conditions. There are warning signs of childhood cancer. These can include a white spot in the eye, unusual growths, weight loss and tiredness. Unexplained bleeding, pain and high body temperature are other possible signs.
cancer
cancer
Cancer: June 22-July 22
Ruling Planet: Moon
Symbol: Crab
Color: Grays, Greens
Gem: Pearl
Flowers: White Flowers Particularly Roses
Lucky Numbers: 7 and 3
Lucky Day: Monday
Key phrase: I Feel !
Keywords: Protective, Sensitive, Tenacious
Main Trait: Loyalty
Notable Cancer: Helen Keller (June 27, 1880 American Educator)Harrison Ford (July 13, 1942; American Actor)
Personal traits: Appearing formidable and thick-skinned, Cancerian's have an unemotional demeanor, appearing uncompromising and obstinate. This is the facade they use to mask an insecure nature. In fact, the overall nature of Cancerians is deeply emotional. Their intimates, however, may see a different character, one with sympathy and sensitivity to other people, especially those they love. Cancer is a tenacious, purposeful, energetic, shrewd and intuitive type.
In their personal relationships they are a mixture of toughness and tenderness. Emotional, romantic and sentimental on one side, and tenaciously possessive and loyal on the other side.
Profession: Always interested in what people are thinking, they have an intuitive sense that makes them good journalists, writers or politicians. They do well in the public sector, and may serve in anything from welfare and nursing to catering.
Cancer: June 22-July 22
Ruling Planet: Moon
Symbol: Crab
Color: Grays, Greens
Gem: Pearl
Flowers: White Flowers Particularly Roses
Lucky Numbers: 7 and 3
Lucky Day: Monday
Key phrase: I Feel !
Keywords: Protective, Sensitive, Tenacious
Main Trait: Loyalty
Notable Cancer: Helen Keller (June 27, 1880 American Educator)Harrison Ford (July 13, 1942; American Actor)
Personal traits: Appearing formidable and thick-skinned, Cancerian's have an unemotional demeanor, appearing uncompromising and obstinate. This is the facade they use to mask an insecure nature. In fact, the overall nature of Cancerians is deeply emotional. Their intimates, however, may see a different character, one with sympathy and sensitivity to other people, especially those they love. Cancer is a tenacious, purposeful, energetic, shrewd and intuitive type.
In their personal relationships they are a mixture of toughness and tenderness. Emotional, romantic and sentimental on one side, and tenaciously possessive and loyal on the other side.
Profession: Always interested in what people are thinking, they have an intuitive sense that makes them good journalists, writers or politicians. They do well in the public sector, and may serve in anything from welfare and nursing to catering.
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